Until now, most researches have been restricted to European or American populations and often are quite limited in sample size. Although most population studies have consistently linked LV concentric hypertrophy with poor outcomes, the reports regarding the adverse impact of LV concentric remodeling and eccentric hypertrophy on prognosis are conflicting. It should also be noted that, within subtypes of LV geometry, there is disagreement between studies as to which pattern is the most predictive. found that the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) was similar in the four geometric pattern groups, and there was no significant evidence for an association between LV geometry and MACEs in hypertensive patients. In this regard, the contribution of LV geometry to clinical prognosis has been extensively explored in a variety of cardiovascular disease (CVD) settings.Ī number of epidemiological studies demonstrated that LV geometric changes predisposed individuals to increased risk of unfavorable CVD outcomes, including heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and cerebrovascular disease. Irrespective of etiology, abnormal LV geometry is considered a valuable echocardiographic phenotype that reflects the severity and chronicity of cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting their potential to offer better prognostic information than traditional ones. The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systolic pressure load imposed on LV by hypertension or aortic valve stenosis frequently result in concentric remodeling or hypertrophy, whereas diastolic volume overload imposed on LV in dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mitral or aortic regurgitation generally leads to eccentric hypertrophy.

In light of LV mass and wall thickness, four echocardiography-derived geometric patterns, including normal geometry, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy, are proposed to explain the pathophysiologic basis for cardiac remodeling. Echocardiography that is easily accessible, inexpensive and quick makes possible the recognition of specific LV geometry. Left ventricular (LV) remodeling can be defined as the process of LV structural change in response to alterations in intrinsic myocardial tissue feature and architecture, or to external stimuli caused by increased pressure or volume overload. In men, a significant increase was observed from LV eccentric hypertrophy for incident stroke/CHD, whereas in women, LV concentric hypertrophy was associated with elevated incidence of both stroke/CHD and all-cause death, and eccentric hypertrophy was correlated with increased all-cause mortality (all P < 0.05). Multivariable Cox analysis reported that LV concentric and eccentric hypertrophy were associated with incident stroke/CHD (concentric hypertrophy: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.86 eccentric hypertrophy: HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11–1.82) and all-cause mortality (concentric hypertrophy: HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.07–2.12 eccentric hypertrophy: HR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.19–2.10), and LV concentric remodeling was related to stroke/CHD incidence (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.09–1.84) in total population compared to normal geometry after the adjustment for potential confounders. Over a median follow-up of 4.66 years, abnormal LV geometric patterns had increased crude incident rates of stroke/CHD and all-cause mortality compared with normal geometry in overall population and each sex group (all P < 0.05). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

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